التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

ED. Danvil, Illinois, U.S.A.

ME= Metabolizable Energy values were calculated

according, on DM basis as follows:

ME (Kcal/Kg)= 35.3 x CP% + 79.5 x EE% + 40.6 x NFE + 199.

Carpenter K.J. and Clegg K. M. (1956): the metabolizable energy of poultry feeding stuffs in relation to their chemical

composition. J. Sci. Food Agric., 7: 45-51.

- Proximate analysis of CGF, purchased from National Company for Maize Products was determined according to the methods of (AOAC, 1985). Amino acids profile was performed by ion-exchange chromatography (Spackman et al., 1958 and Spitzm, 1973). Metabolizable energy (ME) of the tested material was conducted by the method of Vorha et al., (1982) as follows:

ME = ME (Kcal/g) basal diet + ME (Kcal/g) tested diet – ME (Kcal/g) basal diet (g. tested material/ g tested diet)

A.O.A.C. (1985). Association of official analytical chemists (1985). Official method of analysis. 14th ed. Published by the

A.O.A.C. Washington. D.C., USA.

Spackman, D. H.; Stein, W. H., and Moore, S. (1958).

Automatic recording apparatus for use in the chromatography of

amino acids Analyt. Chemist. 30:1190

Spitzm H. H. (1973). A new approach for sample preparation of protein hydrolyzates for amino acid analysis.

Anal. Biochem. 56: 66-73.

Vorha, P.: chami, D. B., and Oyawoye (1982).

Determination of metabolizable energy by fast method. Poultry

Sci. 61:766-769.

- to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME) value, Hubbard broiler chicks at seven weeks of age were used. The chicks were reared in individual metabolic cages which were located in centrally heated room. Five replicates were assigned to each of the four dietary treatments. The chicks were given water and diets ad libitum during three days pre-experimental period.

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة Feed intake was measured and excreta was collected over the following three days period. The excreta samples were dried and grinned. The samples of diets and excreta were assayed for gross energy using chemical method (O`shea and Maguire, 1962), also nitrogen was determined by the method of Kjeldahl (A.O.A.C., 1990). In addition, the samples were analyzed for their dry matter content. From the previous results recorded, the estimation was made on dry matter basis using the formula

given by El-Lakany (1969).

- The metabolizable energy values (Kcal/g. dry diet) of the diets on a dry matter basis and coorected for nitrogen retention:

(K cal / g. excreta) (g. excreta)

ME= GE +8.22* (g. N2 retened per g. dry diet consumed)

g. dry diet consumed

* 8.22 is the energy in k cal/g. of uric acid nitrogen - The nitrogen retained per gram diet consumed:

(g. N2/g. excreta) (g. excreta)

g. N2 retained/ g. dry diet consumed = g. N/ g. diet =

g. dry diet

- The metabolizable energy values (K cal lg.) of the test

ingredients (t. i.) on a dry matter basis.

ME (k cal/ g) tested diet – ME (K cal /g.) basal diet

ME t, i. = ME (Kcal /g.) basal diet +

(g. tested ingredient / g. tested diet)

A.O.A.C., (1990). Association of Official Analytical Chemists"Official Methods of Analysis"15th Ed. Published by

the AOAC. Washington. D.C.

El-Lakany S. (1969). Studies of the effects of different treatments on the metabolizable energy value of wheat. MSc.

The Univ. of B.C.

O`shea and Maguire, (1962). Determination of caloritic value of feedstuffs by chromic acid oxidation. J. Sci. Food

Agric. 13:530-533.

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

F1 = (3.56 W + ∆ W + X E) / 100

Where:

F1 = calculated food / bird/day (g).

W= mean liveweight of bird (g).

∆ W = Live-weight change/100 bird/day (g) X = average

egg weight (g).

E = number of egg/100 birds/day.

To get the efficiency index (EI), the calculated food/day (g)

was divided by the average of observed food

consumption/hen/day (g) obtained from the experimental

feeding records.

- Total protein efficiency (TPE): Assay of ingredient was evaluated according to the procedure described by Woodham et al., (1972), where 40 chicks 14-day old were divided into two groups with 4 replicates of 5 birds each using experimental diets.

TPE = Body Weight gain, g. / Total protein consumed, g.

Woodham, A.; S., Savi; B. J. Ayyash, and S. I. Gordon, (1972). Evaluation of barley as a source of protein for chichs. I I.

Nutritional assessment of barley of differing variety and composition as complements to protein concentrates. J. Sci. of

Agric. 23: 1055.

- Growth performance: Birds individual live body weight (LBW) and pen feed consumption (FC) were weekly recorded and morality was daily observed Body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), crude protein conversion (CPC) and caloric conversion ratio (CCR) were calculated. At the end of the study, economic studies of experimental treatment were estimated using two ways: 1) Economic efficiency (EEf) of the product which was calculated from the input-output analysis based upon the difference in both growth rate and feeding cost; 2) European productive efficiency factor (EPEF) which was calculated according to Kamar and Sami (1982) using the

following formula:

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة

AFLBW (kg) x TFBWS (kg)

------------------------------------SNC

10000

EPEF = ------------------------------------------- X --------------AMA (days) X TFC (kg)

2.2

-----------------------------------FNE

Where:

EPEF = European Productive efficiency factor

AFLBW = Average final live body weight

TFBWS = Total final live body weight sold

SNC = Starter number of chicks

AMA = Average marketing age

TFC = Total feed consumption

FNC = Final number of chicks

1000

-------- = Constant factor

2.2

Kamar, G.A. and M.S. Sami (1982). Commercial broiler production. Recent book center, Kuwait. PP: 114-115. (Arabic

text book).

- A total of 60 white single Comb Lohmann laying hen 80 wks of age were used. Bird were housed individually one per cage and were fed a comlete layer ration, ad libitum and allowed full access to water. Egg production was monitored to ensure that all hens were healthy and activity producing. After acclimation for 2 weeks the bird were exposed to the molting procedure. The hens were divided into 3 treatment groups with 2 birds per treatment: non molted control given full layer ration feed, group 2 hens fed on 90% alfalfa and 10% layer ration for 9 days (Kwon et al., 2001) while in the third group (Zinc molt

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

group) hens were fed on layer ration containing 20.000 ppm of zinc as zinc oxide for 9 days according to North and Bell (1990).

Hens were placed on an artificial lighting program of 8 hour L:16D during molt induction period (9 days) then returned to

control layer ration and 16 h L: 8h D/d.

Feed intake was measured by weighing each diet prior to the start of molt and after the 9-days molt period. During molt, birds weights were monitored at 2, 5, 10 and 35 days.

At the end of the motl, 24 birds were slaughtered (8 birds from each group), and the ovaries, oviducts and spleens were excised and weighed and expressed as relative weight (% of B.W.). Egg production was measured daily (% of hen-day), whereas egg quality parameters were measured twice per week.

Egg weight (recorded to the nearest..01g), egg length, yolk height and yolk diameter with a caliper and recorded to the yolk samples were collected before the induction of molting (premolt), and 5 and 10 days after relaying and at return to 50%

egg production.

Determinate of NDV antibodies titer:

Serum samples from layers at 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 wks of age and from posthatch chick were used for determination NDV antibodies liter, using methods described by (Liu, 1999), yolk samples at 28, 32, 36 and 40 wks of age were used for

determination the same analysis.

Blood sampling:

All hens were bled via the wing vein, and 4 ml of blood was collected using a 5-ml syringe with a 23-gauge needle. Two ml of blood for each hen was centrifuged to separate serum which was collected and stored frozen until analysis, while heparin was added to the remaining 2 ml blood to be used for estimation of total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count. Blood sampling was done on the 2nd , 5th , 10th and 35 days after molt induction and at the return to 50% of pre molt egg production.

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة

Purification of IgY from egg yolk:

To extract immunoglobulin from the egg yolk, a chloroformbased method described by Polson (1990) was used. The egg yolk was taken out of the eggshell and placed in a clean Petri dish. The egg yolk membrane was washed with distilled water and then cut with the forceps. The yolk was allowed to run into a measuring cylinder, and its volume was noted. Twice the volume of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was added, and the contents were mixed thoroughly by shaking. Chloroform equal to the volume of egg yolk and PBS was then added, and the contents were mixed vigorously, which resulted in the production of a thick emulsion. The emulsion was then centrifuged at 300 rpm for 30 min at room temperature. After centrifugation, the mixture was separated into 3 distinct layers in the centrifuge tube: an orange-colored solution at the bottom a semisolid emulsion of yolk in chloroform in the middle, and a watery phase of chicken serum protein on top. The watery phase on the top containing the Ig was removed, aliquoted, and stored

at -20°C until analysis.

Assay of serum and Yolk IgY

Serum and egg yolk IgY were determined by rapid enzyme immunoassay method according to Blais and Yamazaki (1991).

A commercial ELISA kit was used and the instructions of the manufacturer were followed. Absorbance at 492 nm values was measured using an ELEISA plate reader. Results were expressed as the ratio between the optical density (OD) generated by the serum or yolk sample being tested (S) and the OD in a well containing a positive-control sample (P). values were expressed

in mg/ml sample.

Statistical analysis: Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS software (2001). Differences in parameters among treatment groups, when significant, where compared using Duncan`s multiple range test (Duncan, 1955).Kwon et al.,

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

2001

Blais, B.W. and Yamazaki, H. (1991). Rapid enzyme immunoassay of chicken egg yolk IgY. Immunol Invest 20(1).

83-88.

Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F. test.

Biometrics. 11: 1-42.

Polson, A. (1990). Isolation of IgY from the yolks of eggs by a chloroform polyethylene glycol procedure. Immunoil.

Invest. 19,253-258.

SAS Institute. (2001). SAS/STAT User`s Guide: Statistics.

Release 8.2. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.

Rectal Temperature (RT) and Respiration Rate (RR):

Nine birds were randomly taken from each group (3 birds / replicate / group) for measuring rectal temperature and respiration rate. These parameters were measured just before treatment period termination at 10 weeks of age. Rectal temperature was obtained gently by thermometer inserted into the cloaca and respiration rate by counting the body wall movement for one minute using stop watch and a counter.

Atmospheric ammonia:

Air ammonia (NH3) concentration inside the experimental pens were taken biweekly intervals by using NH3 detector tubes (Dragger Gas Detector). NH3 measurements were taken at approximately 2 cm above the litter and at the level of bird of bird in randomly three different locations at approximately the

same time (10 am).

Serum samples were collected from each treatment every 4 wks intervals throughout the entire experimental period and stored at – 20 °C for analyses. At 39 wks, artificial insemination was applied, fertile eggs laid during the 40 wks of age, were collected to estimate egg fertility and hatchability percentages.

Hatched chick were weight, and then serum samples were

collected.

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة

Semen characteristics:

At 44 wks of age semen was collected from 48 well trained cocks (1 cocks from each treatment) by massage method. Semen sample were examined for the following characteristics.

Ejaculate volume was measured to the nearest..01 ml by

using graduated syringe.

Mass motility score (From 1 to 5 grades).

Sperm concentration was measured by hemocytometer in

counting the sperm per cubic millimeter.

Live sperm. The differentiation of live from dead sperms was done by a buffered brom-phenol blue and nigrosine solution

technic.

Semen pH was determined using comparative pH papers.

Semen color was also determined.

The previous characteristics were determined according to

(Kalamah et al., 2000).

Kalamah, M.A.; El-Nadi, M.M.; Gohar, L.M. and Soliman, M.M. (2000). Some factors affecting fertility and hatchability using artificial insemination in Norfa chickens. 3rd All Africa Conference on Animal Agric. And 11th Conference of the Egyptian Society of Animal Production, Alex. Egypt, 6-9

November, 597-605.

Fertility and hatchability:

At 44 wks of age four cocks from each treatment were

selected and confined with 40 hens

(1 cock/10 hens)

received the same corresponding treatment. Eggs produced by each experimental group were collected at 42. 43 and 44 wks of age. The eggs of each treatment were incubated of each treatment and hatched separately to determine fertility percent (number of fertile eggs/number of eggs set x 100) and hatchability percent (number of hatched chicks/number of total

eggs set x 100).

Egg and shell quality:

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

At the end of experimental period, eggs were collected from each treatment to examine egg and shell quality measurements.

Egg dimension (Length and width) were measured in mm to calculate egg shape index according to Romanoff and Romanoff

(1949) using the following equation:

Egg shape index = egg

width (mm) / egg Length (mm) x 100

Yolk and albumen index were calculated according to Funk et al., (1958) as yolk and albumen height divided by yolk and albumen diameter, respectively. The weight of yolk was estimated after the separation of albumen while, albumen weight was calculated by subtracting the weight of yolk and shell from the egg weight. Albumen, yolk and shell percentages were calculated. The shell without membrane was weight and a

micrometer measured its thickness.

Funk E.M., Fronig, G., Grottes, F.R anf Kinder, J. (1958).

Quality of eggs laid by caged layer. World poultry Sci.J.,

15:207.

- The present study was carried out at the poultry Research farm Hy-Line laying hens aged 60 weeks were randomly chosen from a large commercial flock. All hens were approximately of an equal body weight (Mean ± S.E) and similar performance.

Birds were leg banded, and divided into three groups. Birds of the first group were fed ad-libitum and adding considered as control. The second group was force molted by adding 1% zinc oxide on diet for 14 days. While birds of the third group were force molted by feed restriction (25%) for 7 days, then fasting fore subsequent 7 days. When hens of second and third group completely ceased egg production, nine experimental groups of 100 hens each were formed and treated as the following table to detect the response of molted hens to the hormonal treatments investigated. All groups were housed in floor pens at a density of 5 hens/m2. All birds were reared under the same managerial and hygienic conditions and fed laying rations.

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة Bird were individually weighed at the beginning of the experiment at two weeks of molt treatments and at monthly intervals after molting up to the end of the experimental period

which lasted sixteen weeks.

Experimental design and number of birds :(٩٠) جدول رقم

Molt

induction

methods

Non molted (n=30)

1% dietary zinc

oxide for 14 days

(n=120)

Feed

restriction

(25%) for 7 days

followed by fasting

for further 7 days

(n=120)

Post-molt hormonal treatments

Control

Injection with 1 ml distilled water (d.w.) for

6 days (n=30)

Injection with 10 mg/1 ml (d.w.) estradiol

17 β for 6 days (n=30)

Injection with 10 mg/1 ml (d.w.)

indomethacin for 3 days followed by 10 mg

Bromoriptine for 3 days (n=30)

Injection

with

Human

Chorionic

Gonadotrophin (HCG) 50 IU for 6 days

(n=30).

Injection with 1 ml distilled water (d.w.) for

6 days (n=30)

Injection with 10 mg/1 ml (d.w.) estradiol

17 β for 6 days (n=30)

Injection with 10 mg/1 ml (d.w.)

indomethacin for 3 days followed by 10 mg

Bromoriptine for 3 days (n=30)

Injection

with

Human

Chorionic

Gonadotrophin (HCG) 50 IU for 6 days

(n=30).

Feed consumption and conversion, egg production, egg

weight and egg mass were determined.

Heparinized blood samples were obtained from wing vein of four hens chosen randomly per each treatment for the determination of plasma Estrogen, Progesterone, T3 and T4 levels and T3/T4 ratio. Hormonal assays measured before molt, at the 2nd week of molt treatments and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks

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