التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

after molt. Radioimmunoassay of plasma samples of tetraiodothyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), estrogen (E2)

and progesterone (P4) were carried out at the laboratories of endocrinology research unit. Radiobiology department, nuclear research center, Atomic Energy Authority. Tetraiodothironine (T4) Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was estimated according to ELBanna et al., 1992 a and b.

Plasma progesterone (P4) Radioimmunossay was estimated according to El-Banna and Gamal (1986), and plasma estradiol (E2) Radioimmunoassay was estimated according to EL-Banna

et al., (1988).

All data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure (GLM) of SAS program (1996) according to the

following model:

Where:

Yμ = the observation of the Jth individual in the ith treatment: μ = the overall mean; T1 = The effect of the ith

treatment; e ij = the random error.

Test of significance for differences were done using Duncan

(1955) multiple comparison option in SAS

Duncan, D. B., (1955). Multiple range and multiple F test.

Biometrics, 33:1-42.

ElBanna, I. M., El-Asrag, H. A., Ragab, M. T. and Barakat, M. (1992a). Productionof specific thyroxine antiserum for radioimmunoassay using drevatized immunogen. Isotope and

Rad. Res. 24(1): 15-2.

ElBanna, I. M., El-Asrag, H. A., Ragab, M. T. and Barakat, M. (1992b). A provision radio iodination technique for the production of Ta-1 and T4-125 for sensitive radioimmunoassay.

Isotope and Res. In press.

ElBanna, I. M., El-Asrag, H A. and Gamalo, M. H. (1988).

An improved method for estradiol-17B radioimmunoassay.

Isotope and Rad. Res, 20 (2): 141-144.

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة ElBanna, I. M. and Gamal, M. H. (1986), Miniature system for progesterone radioimmunoassay: Economy versus sensitivity and precision. Alex. J. Agric. Res. 31(3): 101-113.

SAS (1996). SAS Procedure Guide."Version 6.12 Ed”.

Institute Inc., Cary, N.C. USA.

- A total of 1600 hatching egg from both strains were used for detection hatching traits, besides eighty eggs were used for minerals determination in shell membranes of fertile and infertile eggs. Eggs were incubated in forced draft-type incubator (Egyptian made) at 99.5 °F temperature and 55% relative humidity in the setter and 98.6°F temperature and 5% relative humidity in hatcher unit. All eggs were individually weight before setting in the incubator as zero time and then they were weight again on, 5th, 18th and at first time of pipping to

obtain egg weight loss percentages.

Egg weight loss percentage was calculated for each egg within a certain incubation interval as a percentage of the initial

egg weight as follow:

Weight of egg on a certain day of incubation period

Egge weight loss%=

x100

Initial egg weight

Egg that failed to hatch a [ 1 the end of incubation and having full opportunity were broken out and then examined macroscopically to estimate the embryonic development and assigned to their time of death during the intervals (0-5), (5-18), (18-pipping), (0-18), and (0-Pipping) days. Fertility was calculated as the percentage of fertile egg from total setting eggs. Hatchability was calculated as the perecentage of sound chicks that hatched from either total or fertile eggs.

Mineral concentration (ca, Mg, Na and K) of fertile and infertile eggs were detected on zero, 5th, 18th days and at the for both chicken strains egg. Eggs were first signs of pipping

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

randomly selected from both fertile and infertile eggs for each mentioned incubation date. The inner eggshell membrane and part of the outer shell membrane, which may have adhered to the inner membrane, were removed from the eggs and then washed three times in deionized water, and dried as described by Tranter et al., (1983). The dried membranes were weight to the nearest..01mg and wet-ashed in 8 ml of in hydrochloric acid plus 12 ml of methanol for 4 days at room temperature. An aliquot of the resulting mineral solution was placed in a..5 lanthanum chloride solution in deionized water. The aliquot was diluted appropriately to determine Ca, Mg, Na and K concentration using atomatic-absorption sepectrophotometry (Solar, AA series, thermo Elemental). The relative mineral concentration of each eggshell membrane was computed by dividing the observed concentration of each mineral by the dried membrane weight (milligrams of mineral per gram of dried membrane weight).

Tranter, H.S; Sparks, N.H.C.. and Board, R.G. (1983).

Change in structure of the limiting membrane and in oxygen permeability of the chicken egg integument during incubation.

Br. Poutl Sci. 24: 537-547.

- egg quality measurements were performed at 43, 51 and 59 weeks of age on egg produced through three days, where three fresh eggs per replicate were randomly collected. Shape and yolk index were determined according to Romanoff and Romanoff (1949). Egg shell thickness was measured using a micrometer to the nearest..01 mm at the equator. Egg yolk visual color score was determined by matching the yolk with one of the 15 bands of the 1961, Roche Improved yolk color fan. Shell weight per unit of surface area (SWUSA) was then calculated according to the equation of Carter (1975). SWUSA (mg/cm2) = (SW"mg"x 1000)/SA"cm2"surface area (SA) was calculated by the equation of Nordstrom and Ousterthout (1982) as follow: SA

(cm2) = 2.978 x (fresh egg weight0.7056).

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة Yolk total lipid and cholesterol were determined by using commercial hits according to the method of Fisher and Leveille (1957) and Allain et al., (1974). Fatty acids of yolk carried out by gass liquid chromatography (GLC) according to the

procedure of Radwan (1978).

Allain, C. C,; Poon, L. S. and Richmond, W. (1974). Fu P.C.

Clin Chem., 20:470.

Carter, T. C., (1975). Estimation of shell area and egg volume using measurements of frech egg weight and shell length and breadth alone or in combination. Br. Poult. Sci., 1:514-543.

Fisher, H. and Leveille, G. A. (1957). Observations on the cholesterol, linoleic and linolenic acid content of eggs as influenced by dietary fats. J. Nutrition 63:119-129.

Nordstrom, J. O., and L. W. Ousterhout (1982). Estimation of shell weight and shell thickness from egg specific gravity and egg specific gravity and egg weight. Poult. Sci., 61: 1991-1995.

Romanoff, A. L. and Romanoff, A. L. (1949). The avian

egg. John Wiley and Sons. Inc New York.

Radwanm S. S. (1978). Coupling of two-dimensional thin layer chromatography with gas chromatography for the quantative analysis of lipids classes and their constituent fatty

acids. J. Chromatog. Sci. 16: 538-542.

Woodham, A.; S., Savi; B. J. Ayyash, and S. I. Gordon, (1972), Evaluation of barley as a source of protein for chicks. II.

Nutritional assessment of barley of differing variety and composition as complements to protein concentrates. J. Sci of

Agric. 23::1055.

Egg traits and quality

Eggs were daily collected and weight. Averages of egg number (EN)m egg weight (EW), egg mass (EM) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) per EM were weekly calculated per each replicate for a 90-day laying period. Egg quality was assessed on 5 eggs collected per replicate during 3 days at the end of the 90-٧٨٩-

التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

day period. Egg shape index (ESI) was determined according to Stadleman (1977). Eggs were broken out and the liquid content were put a side and shell plus membranes washed to remove adhering albumen. After drying. Shell weight % measured. Shell thickness (STh) was measured by using a micrometer as an average of 3 points (top, medial and base). Egg analysis including albumin protein %, yolk protein % yolk protein %, ether extract % and cholesterol (mg/gm yolk) were performed

according to Washburn and Nix (1974).

Stadleman, W. J. (1977). Quality identification of shell egg in: Egg Science and Technology. 2nd Ed by W. J. Stadleman and O. J. Cotterill pub by AVI publishing company Inc.

Connecticut USA.

Washburn, K.W. and D.F. Nix (1974). A rapid technical for extraction of yolk cholesterol. Poult. Sci. 53: 1118-1122.

Performance traits:

Egg production (number and weight) was recorded daily per replicate. Within each replicate weekly feed intake was determined and feed conversion (feed:egg) was then calculated.

Egg and shell quality:

At the end of experimental period, six eggs were collected from each treatment to examine egg and shell quality

measurements.

Egg dimension (length and width) were measured in mm to calculate egg shape index according to Romanoff and Romanoff

(1949) using the following equation:

Egg shape index = egg width (mm) / egg length (mm) x 100 Yolk and albumen index were calculated according to Funk et al., (1958) as yolk and albumen height divided yolk and albumen height divided by yolk and albumen diameter, respectively. The weight of yolk was calculated after the separation of albumen while, albumen weight was calculated by subtracting the weight of yolk and shell from the egg weight.

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة Albumen, yolk and shell percentages were also calculated. The shell without membrane was weighed and a micrometer also calculated. The shell without membrane was weight and a

micrometer measured its thickness.

Economic efficiency:

Economical efficiency of eggs production was calculated from input-output analysis which was calculated according to the prices of the experimental diets and egg produced during the year of 2008. The values of economical efficiency were

calculated as follows:

Net revenue (LE)

Economic efficiency (EE) = --------------------------Total feed cost (LE)

Romanoff, A.L. and Romanoff A.J. (1949). The avian egg.

John Wiley and cons, In., N.Y.

Funk E. M., Fronig, G, Grottes, F.R. and Kinder, J. (1958).

Quality of eggs laid by caged layers. World poultry Sci. J.,

15:207.

:Performance النمو والأداء الانتاجى

- Performance index (PI) PI = [live body weight (kg) / feed

conversion ratio] x 100

Production efficiency factor (PEF)

PEF=[Livability x Mass (kg) /FCR x Age in days] x 100

Where: Livability = 100 – Mortality rate (%)

Mass (kg) = Final live body weight.

North, M.O. (1981). Commercial chicken. Production Annual. 2nd edition, Av., Publishing company I.N.C. West post.

Connecticut, USA.

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

Feed conversion ratio (FCR):

Average FC (g)/bird during a certain period

FCR =

BWG (g)/bird during the same period

Crude protein conversion (CPC):

CP cons. (g)/bird during a certain period

CPC=

BWG (g)/bird during the same period

Caloric conversion ratio (CCR):

ME cons. (Kcal)/bird during a certain period

CCR =

BWG (g)/bird during the same period

European productive efficiency factor (EPEF):

AFLBW (kg) x TFBWS (kg)

SNC

10000

EPEF =

X

AMA (days) x TFC (kg)

2.2

FNC

Where: EPEF = European productive efficiency factor

AFLBW (kg) = Average final live body weight

TFBWS (kg) = Total final live body weight sold

SNC

= Starter number of chicks

AMA (days) = Average marketing age

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة

TFC (kg)

= Total feed consumption

FNC

= Final number of chicks

10000

= Constant factor

2.2

Kamar, G.A. and M.S. Sami (1982): Commercial broiler production. Recent book center, Kuwait. PP:114-115. (Arabic

text book).

Urinary organic matter (UOM) = Urinary N x 2.62 The percentage of urinary organic matter in the feces was added to the sum of the other components (fecal CP% + EE% + CF% + Ash%) to calculate the fraction of NFE by difference.

NFE% = 100 – (Fecal CP% + EE% + CF% + Ash% +

UOM%)

Jakobson, D.E.; S.K. Gertovey and H. Nielson (1960):

Digestibilty

trails

with

poultry.

HusdryrbugsudvalyKobengaven. 56: 1-34.

Abou Raya, A.K. and A.G. Galal (1971): Evaluation of poultry feeds in digestion trials with reference to some factors involved. A.R.E, J. Anim. Prod., 11(1): 207-221.

:٢٠٠١ عام

. مليون بداري تسمين٣٤٢ مصر تنتج

. مليون دجاجة بياض٣٣

.سنويا

طن زرق٧٤٩,٦٣٤

. دجاجة تسمين/ كجم زرق جاف١,٢٢٧ بمعدل

. دجاج بياض/ كجم زرق جاف١٠

. في الزرق%٢,٧١ الفوسفور

.سنويا

الف طن٢٠,٠٠٠ الفوسفور

: ساعة/ آلاف طائر٣ تكلفة ذبح الدجاجة في مجزر

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

القيمة بالألف جنيه

٩٢

أجور

١٠٠

كهرباء

٣٠

سولار

٥٠

اهلاك

١٥

تعبئة وتغليف

ألف جنيه٢٨٧

اجمالي

ألف جنيه٢٨٧

.الطائر/ قرش٤٥,٥ = تكلفة ذبح الدجاجة =

يوم٣٠ × ساعة٧ × ساعة/ طائر٣٠٠٠

٢٠٠١ هذه الأسعار خاصة عام:ملحوظة

:Slaughter test اختبارات الذبح

- At the end of the experiment birds of each treatment, representing the average group weight, were slaughtered in a horizontal position to reduce the antiperistalsis movement to the intestinal segments and regurgitation of the food.

The gut was clumped with artery forceps at the end of oesophagus, proventriculus, (Stomach) jejunum, gizzard, duodenum and ileum, then the contents of the stomach, duodenum and jejunum were separately collected, weight and kept in equal volumes of buffer saline solution. The contents were then individually centrifuged (6000 rpm for 10 min) and the supernatant fluids were decanted and used for the

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة determination of some digestive enzymes activity. Amylase activity was determined by using the method described by Pinchasov and Noy. (1994) lipase activity according to Skalan, et al., (1975) and both Trypsine and Chemotrypsin according to

Skalan, and Helevy (1985).

Pinchasov, Y. and Y. Noy (1994). Early postnatal amylolysis in the gastrointestinal tract of turkey poults. Comp.

Biochem. Physiol., 106: 221-225.

Skalan, D. S. Hurwitz, P. Budowski, and I, Ascarelli (1975).

Fat digestion and absorption in chicks fed raw or heated soybean

meal. J. Nutr., 105: 57-63.

Skalan, D. and O. Helevy (1985). Protein digestion and absorption along the ovine gastrointestinal tract. J. Dairy Sci.,

68: 1678-1681.

:تقدير جودة اللحم والماء المنفصل

- Meat tenderness and water holding capacity (WHC) were determined according to the method of volovinskaia and Kelman (1962). Color intensity, as measured by optical density of meat, was determined colorimetrically according to the methods of Husani et al., (1950). While, pH value was measured by pH

meter as described by Aitken et al., (1962).

:تحليل الدم

- Blood samples were collected from the ten slaughtered birds in nonheparinized tubes. The blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. and serum obtained was stored at -20oC unit analysis. Serum total protein, albumin total lipids, total cholesterol, uric acid, creatinine. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and minerals (calcium and phosphorous) were determined calorimetrically by using available commercial kits purchased from Diamond Diagnostics company. The globulin values were calculated by subtracting the values of albumin from the

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