التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

body weight)(g).

PER = (Final body weight-Initial body weight)(g)/ Total

protein intake (g).

PD (%) = 100 x (Final body weight x final body protein – Initial body weight x initial body protein)/ Total feed intake x

dietary protein.

Performance were determined according to Cho and

Kaushik (1985) as following:

SGR (Specific growth rate) = (Ln final weight – Ln intial

weight / No of days experiment).

FER (feed efficiency ratio) = wet weight gain (g) / dry feed

intake (g).

FCR (feed conversion ratio) = dry feed intake (G) / wet

weight gain (g).

PER (protein efficiency ratio) = weight gain (g) / protein

intake (g).

PPV % (protein productive value) = [ (final body N – initial

body N) / N feed ] x 100

ABV (apparent biological value) = PPV / ADC protein Cho. C. Y. and Kaushik. S. J. (1985). Effect of protein intake on metabolizable and net energy values of fish diets. In:

C.B. Cowey, A. M. Mackie and J. G. Bell (Edittors), Nutrition and feecinf in Fish. Academic Press, London, PP. 95-117.

- Five fish were randomly sampled from each aquaria at the end of the experiment. They were pooled, ground and freezedried, and the body crude protein, lipid, moisture and ash content were determined according to AOAC methods (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1995).

AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (1995)

Official Methods of Analysis (16th edition (ed. By Helrich),

AOAC. Arlington. VA.

- Growth response production and feed utilization

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة parameters were calculated as follows: SGR (specific growth rate) (% day-1) = 100 (Ln final weight-Ln initial weight /days; net production = final biomass – initial biomass (kg tank -1); gain in weight (g fish-1) – mean final body weight – mean initial body weight; gain in total length = mean final body total length – mean initial total length (cm fish-1); condition factor (k) = 100(Wt/L3). Where Wt if fish body weight (BW) (g). L is total length (cm); feed conversion ratio (FCR) = total dry feed fed (g)/total wet weight gain (g); Feed intake (g fish-1) was recorded daily and calculated at the end of the experiment. Net income was determined by the difference between the sale price of the fish after harvest and the costs of fingerlings and food according

to Hengsawat, Ward and Jaruratjamorn (1997).

Hengsawat, K., Ward and Jaruratjamorn P. (1997). The effect of stocking density on yield. Growth and mortality of African catfish (Clarias garieplnus Burchell 1822) cultured in

cages. Aquaculture 152, 67-76.

:جودة المياه

- Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured every other day (at 8:0 a-m) using titration method (Golterman et al., 1978). Dissolved oxygen was ranged between 4.14 to 5.05 mg/l. Total ammonia, nitrate and nitrate were measured using spectrophotometer (Spectronic 601, USA). Alkalinity was monitored twice weekly using titration method of Golterman et al. (1978), pH was monitored daily using an electronic pH meter (pH pen: Fisher Scientific. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA).

Golterman, H. L.; Clymo, R. S. and Ohnstad, M. A. M.

(1978). Methods of physical and chemical analysis of fresh water. Blackwell Scientific Piplication, Oxford, 214 pp.

- Samples of water were taken weekly from each equarium for determination of water temperature using a water thermometer (daily), water pH value using digital pH meter (Orient Research Model 201), dissolved oxygen concentration

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

using an oxygen meter (model 9070).

Analysis of NO2, NO3 and Hardness were carried out using Kits (Hach international Co., Cairo, Egypt). Analysis of alkalinity was performed using a kit (LaMotte International Co.,

Cairo, Wgypt).

The water temperature was recorded daily in one tank using mercury thermometer suspended at 30 cm water depth.

dissolved oxygen were measured daily using a YSI oxygen

meter (YSI Model 58 Yellow Springs. OH).

Total ammonia. nitrite and nitrate were measured twice weekly using a DREL, 2000 Spectrophotometer. (Hach,

LoveLand, Co, USA).

pH was monitored daily using an electronic pH meter (pH pen: Fisher Scientific. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA).

alkalinity and salinity at monthly intervals in one tank per dietary treatment according to Golterman et al. (1978).

Sampling was performed between.700 and.800 h before any

exchange of water.

- Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured every other day using YSI model 58 oxygen meter (Yellow Spring Instrument, Yellow Spring, OH, USA). Total ammonia and nitrite were measured once weekly using a DREL 2000 spectrophotometer (Hach, Loveland, Co, USA). Total alkalinity and chloride were monitored once a week using the titration method and pH was monitored twice weekly using an electronic pH meter (pH pen, Fisher Scientific, Cincinnati, OH. USA).

During the 28-we3e; feeding trial, the average water quality parameters (±SD) were: water temperature, 27.5±0.7°C; dissolved oxygen, 5.2±0.5 mgL-1; total ammonia 0.2±0.1; nitrite..05 ±0.03 mgL-1; total alkalinity. 182±45 mgL-1;

chlorides, 550 ± 120 mgL-1 and pH 7.6±0.16.

- Water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia nitrate and nitrite) were monitored to ensure water

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة quality remained well within limits recommended for common carp. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured every other day using an YSI Model 58 oxygen meter. Total ammonia and nitrate was measured weekly using spectronic 601 spectrophotometer. Alkalinity was monitored twice weekly using the titration methods of Golterman et al. (1978). pH was monitored twice weekly using as electronic pH meter. During the feeding trail, the water quality parameter averaged (±SD):

water temperature 27.8±0.8; dissolved oxygen 4.8±0.4; pH 7.4±0.6; ammonia..01±0.04 mg/L; nitrite..01±0.05 mg/L; nitrate

1.5±0.2 mg/L; alkalinity 181±46 gm/L.

:الكفاءة الاقتصادية

- Economic evaluation of the experimental diets has been calculated by evaluation the feed cost in Egyptian pounds (L.E)

needed to produce 1 kg of alive weight gain of each

experimental fish group.

Feed cost (L.E) = (feed cost /kg) X (food consumption)

Price of one kg in weight (Le) (LE/gain"kg”) = feed cost

/kg) x FCR.

Table:The carcass traits of Tilapia (٩٤) جدول رقم

Criterion

Final body weight (g.)

Value range

وزن الجسم النهائى

Condition Factor (1) عامل الوزن إلى الطول

Head percentage (%)

نسبة الرأس المئوية

98.00 – 115.50

1.94 – 2.05

18.83 – 24.23

6.83 – 8.70

Viscera percentage (%)

نسبة الاحشاء المئوية

Final percentage (%)

Bons percentage (%)

نسبة القشور المئوية3.11 – 4.00

نسبة العظم المئوية4.50 -.49

Dressing % (2)

نسبة التصافي المئوية

64.34 - 70.52

Flesh % (3)

نسبة التشافي المئوية

58.08 – 6.70

Condition factor = wet body weight (g.) / cubic length (cm)

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

x 100.

According to Weatherly (1972). Growth and ecology of fish

Populations. Acdemic Press, New York, N.Y.

Dressing percentage = Body weight – (head weight + fins weight + viscera weight) / Body weight x 100.

Flash percentage = Body weight – (head weight + fins weight + Viscera weight + bone weight) / Body weight x 100.

:( النعام٤)

- The present study was carried out on a total number of 1000 ostrich eggs weighed between 1300 and 1500g. eggs were obtained from two local farms during the peak egg production (from May to July 2003) to study the effect of egg shell physical characteristics and its mineral content on hatchability.

Egg Collection:

- Eggs were collected daily as soon as possible after laying from the breader stock, cleaned and disinfectant immediately as described by Deeming (1997). Each eggs was numbered and identified with a permanent marker. Eggs were stored for up to 7 days in a clean storage room at 18°C and 69% relative humidity

as recommended by Gonzalez et al., (1999).

Egg Incubation:

- Eggs were set in metal – farmed egg trays in a vertical position placed in a commercial multistage incubator with a maximum capacity of 500 ostrich eggs. Eggs were artificially incubated at 36.5 °C and 25% RH and were turned 90° every 3 hours (8 times a day) up to 39 days. Eggs were candled at 14, 21 and 39 days of incubation and unfertile eggs were excluded. On day 39, the fertile eggs were transferred to plastic hatcher baskets in the hatcher up to 45th day. The temperature and humidity profile during hatch were 36 °C and 40% RH. Eggs were candled and checked during hatching period. Eggs were allowed to hatch as possible, although some chicks which had piped were helped by using the method described by Deeming et

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة

al., (1993).

The following parameters were measured on each egg:

Egg Weight: the egg weight at day 1 of incubation (at the time setting) was recorded with an electronic digital balance

with accuracy of ±..01g.

Egg Size: The egg maximum length (long axis, L) and width (short axis, W) were measured in cm by using caliber (1

mm accuracy).

Egg Fertility: Fertility was calculated by the following

formula:

(All setting eggs – Infertile eggs)

Fertility % = X 100

All setting eggs

Egg hatchability %: Hatchability (%) from fertile eggs were

calculated by the following equation:

Number of hatched eggs

Hatchability % = X

100

Number of fertile eggs

Percentage of egg weight loss during incubation:

Percentage of egg weight loss (EWL%) during incubation was determined according to Gonzatez et al., (1999) by the

following formula:

(Egg weight day1 – Egg weight day 40)

EWL % =

Eggs weight day 1

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X 100

التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

Egg shell parameters:

- At the end of incubation period (45 days) the fertile eggs were classified into two groups; hatched and non-hatched eggs.

The eggs shells of each group were collected, cleaned of adhering shell membrane washed with distilled water to remove all albumin and dried over night at 60 °C then ached. The

following parameters were determined:

Eggshell percent:

- The eggshell percent was calculated according to equation

of Christensen et al (1996).

Egg shell weight

Egg shell % = X 100

Eggs weight

Christensen, V. L., Davis, G.S., and Lucore, L.A. (1996).

Eggshell conductance and other functional qualities of astrihc

eggs. Poult. Sci., 75: 1404-1410.

Egg shell porosity:

- Egg shell porosity was determined by averaging pore count obtained from discretionary sampling at 5 independent 1cm2 sites on an egg surface. The sites were chosen approximately equidistant along the equator to better visualize and facilitate a more accurate counting of porosity. Each selected site was dyed with a food-gard blue dye, before counting. A clear dichotomy of pore size, small and large, was observed according to

Gonzatea et al., (1999).

Egg shell thickness:

- Egg shell thickness was obtained by averaging thick measurement made at the same five shell sites used to determined porosity. A slip clutch micrometer was used to make individual thick estimate to the nearest..01 mm.

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة

Egg shell mineral content:

- The egg shell contents of Ca, Mg, Zn and Mn, were determined by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Buck Scientific, Model 210 VGP). Shell P was determined using the calorimetric technique of Goldenberg and Fernandez

(1966).

Post-hatch chisck`s weight:

- Post-hatch chicks were weighed just after completely hatched using an electronic balance accurate to ±..01 g. the nonhatched eggs were opened at the 43rd day when candling revealed that the chick was died and weighed after removal of

all membranes.

Deeming, D.C. (1997). Ratite egg incubation. A practical Guide. Ratite Conference, Buckingjam shire., UK.

Gonzalez, A., Satterlee, D. G., Moharerm F., and Cadd.

(1999). Factors affecting astrish egg hatchability. Poult. Sci., 78:

1257-1262.

Goldenberg, J., and Fernandez, A. (1966). A implified method for estimation of inorganic phosphorus in body fluids.

Chin. Chem. 12:871-876.

( قياس الحرارة والرطوبة في الحيوان٥)

- Ambiement templerature (Ta) and relative humidity (RH%) were recorded simultaneously while measuring the physiological responses using the method described by hertig (1968). The temperature-Humidity index (THI) was calculated from ta and RH according to Hahn et al. (2003):

THI = ((TDB*1.8)+32)-((0.55*(RH/100)))*( TDB*1.8)+32-58).

Where:

TDB = Dry bulb temperature in °C.

RH= Relative humidity in %.

- The physiological parameters were taken twice daily, at maximum Ta from 12.00 to 14.00 and at minimum Ta at night from.5.00 to.7.00. Rectal temperature (RT, °C) was measured

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

using a clinical thermometer. Skin temperature (ST, °C), ear temperature (ET, °C) and coat surface temperature (CST, °C)

were measured using the Minolta/Land Cyclops Compac 3 portable infrared thermometer. Respiration rate (RR) was measured by counting the flank movements in one minute.

Respiratory minute volume as I/minute (GV) was measured by Dry Gas Meter. Tidal volume was calculated by diving GV/RR.

Heat production (HP), measured as fasting metabolic rate, Kcal/BW0.75 Per day, was calculated using the equation of Brouwer (1965). The measurement of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were made using the open-circuit technique according to Yousef and Dill (1969).

Oxygen consumption was calculated from the oxygen dficit in expired air using oxygen analyzer (Servomex 570). The rate of carbon dioxide production was calculated from the CO2 increased in expired air obtained from infrared GAS Analyzer

(Model-AR-411). hertig (1968).

Brouwer, E., (1965). In energy metabolism (ed). K.L.

Blaxter, PP. 441-443. Proceedings of 3rd symposium of Energy

Metabolism. London, Academic Press.

Hahn, G. L., T.L. Mader and R.A. Eigenberg, (2003).

Perspective on development of thermal indices for animal studies and management. Interactions between climate and animal production. EAAP Technical Series No. 7, 31-45.

Yousef, M. K. and Dill, (1969). Energy Expenditure in desert walks: man and Burro, Equus asinw. J. Appl. Physiol., 27:

681.

- Temperature humidity index (THI) is commonly used as an indicator of the degree of climatic stress on animals where a THI of 72 and below is considered as no heat stress (cool), 73-77 as mild heat stress, 78-89 as moderate and above 90 as severe

(Fuquay, 1981).

- Rectal temperature (RT, °C) was measured using a clinical

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة thermometer, THI was calculated based on Thorm (1959)

equation. Respiration rate (RR) was measured by counting the flank movements in one minute. Respiratory minute volume (Mv, I/ minute) was measured by Dry Gas Meter. Tidal volume was calculated by dividing GV/RR. Heat Production (HP) (measured as fasting metabolic rate, kcal/BW0.75 per day) was calculated using the equation of Brouwer (1965). the measurement of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were made using the open-circuit technique according to Yousef and Dill (1969). Oxygen consumption was calculated from the oxygen deficit in expired air using oxygen analyzer (Servomex 570). The rate of carbon dioxide production was calculated from the CO2 deficit in expired air obtained from

infrared Gas Analyzer (Model-AR-411).

- Bligh and Johnson (1973) defined the UCT as the ambient temperature above which thermoregulatory evaporative heat loss processes of a resting thermoregulating animal are recruited.

They defined TNZ as the range of ambient temperature within which metabolism rate is at a minimum, and within which temperature regulation is achieved by nonevaporative physical

processes alone.

Bligh, J. and Johnson, K. G., (1973). Glossary of terms for thermal physiology. J. Apple. Physiol., 35:941-961.

Brouwer, E., (1965). In energy metabolism (ed). K.L.

Blaxter, PP. 441-443. Proceedings of 3rd symposium of Energy

Metabolism. London, Academic Press.

Fuquay, J. W., (1981). Heat stress as it affects animal

production. J. Animal Sci. 52, 164-169.

Yousef, M. K. and Dill, (1969). Energy Expenditure in desert walks: man and Burro, Equus asinw. J. Appl. Physiol., 27: 681.

- Rectal (RT). Skin (ST) and ear (ET) temperatures were measured using telethermometer (Model 43 TD, Yellow Springs Instrument Co. Ohio, USA). Respiration rate (RR) was

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