التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

:تحليل الدم

- Blood samples were taken at the time of slaughter from the ear vein from each rabbit. Total protein was determined according to Doumas and Biggs (1972) and albumin by colorimetric method of Doumas et al. (1971). Globulin value was obtained by subtracting the value of albumin from the corresponding value of total protein. Creatinine was determined by the colorimetric method of Bartles et al. (1972) and total cholesterol by the method of Richmond (1973). AST and ALT values were determined calorimetrically according to Reitman

and Franke (1957).

Doumas, B.T. and H.G. Biggs (1972). The colorimetric determination of total protein in serum or plasma. Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry, Vol.(7). Academic Press. New York.

Doumas, B.T., W. Wabson and H.G. Biggs (1971).Albumin standards and measurement of plasma albumin with bromocresol

green. Clin. Chem. Acta., 31:87.

Bartles, H., M. Bohmer and C. Heirli. (1972). Determination of creatinine in blood plasma by colorimetric kinetic method.

Clin. Chem. Acta., 37:193

Richmond, W. (1973). Preparation and properties of a cholesterol oxidase from Nocardia sp. And its application to the enzymatic assay of total cholesterol in serum. Clinical of Chem.,

19:1350.

Reitman, S. and S.I. Franke (1957). Determination of AST and ALT in serum. American Journal of Clinical Pathology,

28:56-59.

Inernal fat weight (%).

Meat / bone ratio.

Blood samples were taken from male rabbits of each diet to determine urea and ammonia by using commercial kits and colorimetically methods, following the same steps as described by manufactures. The microbial content of the caecum of same

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة slaughtered rabbit (6 rabbits/diet) was estimated in their selective media, as described by Bryany and Robinson (1961) for total microbial count, Hungate (1957) for Cellulolytic bacteria, Difco (1971) for ureolytic bacteria and DE man and Sharpe (1960) for Lactobacilli, Technique of colony forming unit (CFU) was adopted. Incubation took place at 30°C for 2-7 days. Data of growth experiment, digestibility, nitrogen balance, caecal microbial count and blood were statistically analyzed for the effect of dietary treatments using the General Linear Model Program of SAS (1990), Duncan`s multiple range test was performed (Duncan, 1955) to detect significant differences means.

Bryant, M. P. and Robinson, I. M. (1961). An improved nonselective culture medium for ruminal bacteria and its use in determining diurnal variation in numbers of bacteria in the

rumen. J. Dairy Sci., 44: 1446.

Hungate, R.E. (1957). Micro-organisms in the rumen of cattle fed a constant ration. Canadian J. of Mictobiol. 3: 289-311.

Difco, M. (1971). Dehydrated culture media and reagent for microbiological clinical Laboratory Procedures.

SAS Institute (1990). SAS User`s Guide: Statistics Version,

Fifth Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.

Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests.

Biometrics, 11:1-42.

Emmert, J. (2000). Effeciency of phase feeding in broilers.

Proceeding California Animal Nutrition Conference, May 10-11.

Fresno California, USA.

:( الأسماك٣)

:القيمة الهضمية والغذائية

- All ingredient were first ground to a small particle size (approximately 250 μm) in a Wiley mill. Dry ingredients were thoroughly mixed prior to adding water to 40% moisture. Diets were passed through a mincer with die into 3-mm diameter

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

spaghetti-like strands, sun dried and stored in airtight containers.

Proximate composition of the experimental diets was determined according to A.O.A.C (1995), while crude fiber in fish diets was determined according to methods of Berdon and Juko (1961).

Total carbohydrate content (NFE) of diets was calculated by difference. (100- (moisture + crude protein + crude fat + crude ash + crude fiber)). Gross energy (GE) was calculated using the gross energy values for the macronutrients (23.4 kj g-1 protein, 39.8 kj g-1 fat and 17.2 kj g-1 carbohydrate, fiber was not included in calculation) according to Lovell, 1989.

A.O.A.C (1995). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official methods of analysis, 16th edition, AOAO,

Arlington, VG, USA.

Berdon, R. M. and C. D. Juko (1961). A semi-micro technique for crude fiber determination. Journal Science Food

and Agricultutre 12, 196-201.

Lovell, R. T. (1989). Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York, New York USA. Sci., 3: 41-43.

- The energy value of each diet was calculated using the gross energy values for the macronutrients (5.6 kcal/g protein, 9.5 kcal/g fat and 4.1 kcal/g carbohydrate, fiber was not included in calculation). The experimental diets were pelleted, dried and stored at -20°C until used as described in a previous work of ElSaidy and Gaber (2001). The calculated essential amino acid concentrations in the experimental diets met or exceeded those recommended by Santiago and Lovell (1988). For digestibility tests..5% Chromic oxide was included in the diets as an inert indicator (Cho and Kaushik, 1990). Each diet was given to triplicate groups of fish. The feeding rates ranged from 4% of fish weight at the begining to 2% at the end of the feeding trial

(NRC 1993).

El-Saidy, D.M.S. and Gaber, M. M. A. (2001). Linseed meal-its successful use as a partial and complete replacement for

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة fish meal in practical diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. Second Inter. Conf. on Animal Prod. and Health in

Semi-Arid Areas.

Santiago, C. B. and Lovell, R. T. (1988). Amino Acid requirement for growth of Nile tilapia. Journal of Nutrition, 188:

1540-1546.

Cho, C. Y. and Kaushik, S. J. (1990). Nutritional energetics in fish: protein and energy utilization in rainbow trout. In Bourne, G. H. (ED), Aspects of Food Production, Consumption and Energy Values, Word Rev. Anim. Nutr., Vol. 61: 132-172.

NRC (National Research Council) (1993): Nutrient requirements of warmwater fishes and shellfishes, National

Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 102 pp.

Apparent nutrient digestibility:

- After one month from beginning of the experiment, the feces were collected from each aquarium every morning before start feeding for one month period. The feces were collected on filter paper for drying and subsequent chemical analysis according to AOAC (1995) was performed. Apparent nutrient digestibility were calculated using the formula of Maynard and

Loosli (1969).

Apparent nutrient digestibility (%) =

% N utrient in feces

% Cr2O3 in feed

100-(100x x

% Cr2O3 in feces

% Nutrient in feed

AOAC (1995)

Maynard, L. A. and Loosli, J. K. (1969). Animal nutrition,

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

6th edition Mc Graw-Hill, New York, NY, 613 PP.

- The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for Protein, lipid, ash and energy were calculated using the formula of

Maynard and Loosli (1969).

ADC = 100 x { 1-(% dietary Cr2O3/fecal Cr2O3 x % fecal

nutrient/ % dietary nutrient)}.

Maynard, L. A. and Loosli, J. K. (Editors) (1969). Animal Nutrition, 6th edition, McGraw Hill Book Company, London, 613 pp.

Growth response, production and feed utilization parameter

were calculated as follows:

SGR (%day-1) = 100 (Ln final weight – Ln initial weight)/ days; Total production = final biomass (kg/m3); Net production = final biomass – initial biomass (kg/m3); Gain in weight (g/fish) = mean body weight – mean initial body weight; Gain in total length=mean final body total length-mean initial total length (cm/fish); Condition factor (k) = 100 (wt/L3), where Wt is fish body weight (g), L is total length (cm) ; Feed conversion ratio (FCR)= total dry feed fed (g)/total wet weight gain (g); Feed intake (g/fish) was recorded daily and calculated at the of the experiment. Net income was determined by the difference between the sale price of the fish after harvest and the costs of fingerlings and food according to Hengsawat, et al., (1997).

Hengsawat, K.; F.J. Ward and P. Jaruratjamorn (1997). The effect of stocking density on yield, growth and mortality of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell. 1822) culture in

cages. Aquaculture 152, 67-76.

- Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were measured at the end of the experiment using three aquaria for each treatment supplied with fresh declorinated water; about one third of the water volume in each aquarium was replaced daily with aerated fresh water after cleaning and removing the accumulated excreta. All aquaria were aerated. A photoperiod of 12h lights, 12h dark (08:00 to 17:00h) was applied. Illumination was

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة supplied by fluorescent ceiling lights. Feces samples were collected from each aquarium every morning before feeding.

The feces were collected by filtering net and collected on filter paper for drying and subsequent chemical analysis through the experimental period. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC)

for protein, lipid , ash and energy were calculated using the

formula of Maynard and Loosli (1969):

ADC=100 x { 1-(% dietary Cr2O3 / fecal Cr2O3 x % fecal

nutrient / % dietary nutrient)}.

Golterman H.L, Clymo R.S. and Ognstad M.A.M. (1978).

Methods of physical and c chemical analysis of fresh waters, Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, 214 pp.

Maynard, L. A. and Loosli, (1969). Animal Nutrition, 6th

edition. McGraw Hill Bew York, USA.

Fish were homogenized for whole body composition and frozen at - 18°C until analyzed. Samples were analyzed as follows:

dry matter after desiccation in an oven (105°C for 24h), crude protein (micro kjeldahl, Nx 6.25), crude lipid (ether extraction by soxlhet method), crude fiber (AOAC, 1995) and gross energy (Ballistic bomb calorimeter, Gallenkamp, England).

AOAC (Association of Official Chemists), (1995). Official methods of analysis, 16th edition, AOAC, Arlington, Virginia.

:(٩٣) جدول رقم

Protein Sources

Soybean Nigella seed

Meal

Meal

(SBM)

(NSM)

Items %

Dry matter

(DM) On DM basis %

Organic matter

(OM)

Crude protein

(CP)

Crude fiber

(CF)

Ether extract

(EE)

Nitrogen free extract (NFE)

Ash

92.46

95.11

44.21

1.67

1.45

47.78

4.89

93.47

94.58

34.21

3.07

8.81

48.49

5.42

Sunflower

Meal

(SFM)

90.98

92.99

31.97

9.29

5.62

46.11

7.01

The digestible energy (DE) was calculated as described by

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

Fekete and Guppert (1986):

DE (kcal/kg DM) = 4253 – 32.6 (CF %) – 144.4 (Ash %).

Seneory analysis

Sensory analysis was carried out on meat stored in a freezer at - 16°Cfor 1 month. Meat samples were boiled in water for 30 min. A trained 12 panel members evaluated the samples using a scale of 1 to 10, Where: 1 was the lowest and 10 being the highest intensity for all. The parameterswere color, taste, flavor, appearance, texture and overall acceptability (Kjos et al, 2000).

Kjos, N. P.; Herstad, O.; Overl and M. and Skred, A., (2000). Effects of dietary fish silag and fish fat on growth performance and meat quality of broiler chicks. Cand.

:سيلاج السمك

- Fish silage was prepared using trash fish of unmarke table size, which is unused for human composition, the fish were collected from the local market in kafr El-Sheikin city and well washed, minced and homogenized. One and half percent from each of conce. Sulphuric and cocn. Formic acid were added to the homogenized fish mixture according to Jackson et al. (1984).

The fish mixture was transferred thereafter to plastic bags and stored at room temperature for 24 weeks. The chemical analysis of the produced fish silage after 24 weeks storage period is

reported in Table (1).

Plankton communities:

- Phytoplankton: phytoplankton was estimated according to methods reported by APHA (1985). The phytoplankton organisms were counted after fixing and preserving the eater sample (on liter) by Lugol`s solution, at a ration of 30 ml to 100

ml sample.

Each sample was allowed to settle overnight, then the supernatant was siphoned off and the volume was adjusted to

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة 100 ml from the fixed sample, then 1 ml was drawn and placed into sedgwich-Rafter cell. It was then microscopically examined for counting by means of a binocular microscopic.

Zooplankton: representative samples, each of 10 liters, were taken from 5 site in each pond and filtered through plankton net (55 micro mesh diameter). The precipitate was transferred into 50 ml water filtrate in a glass bottle and preserved with few

drops of 4% formalin solution.

Subsequent microscopic quantatitave analysis for zooplankton organisms was conducted by using a glass counting tray of 3 x 5 x 0.5cm. the results were expressed as number of organisms in one liter of the pond (organisms/L) according to

APHA (1985).

Metabolic growth rate (MGR) was calculated as live gain (g) / (initial weight+final weight (g)/2x1000)0.8 / duration period in days).

The MGR was calculated according to Cho and Kaushik (1985)..

Cho, C. Y. and Kaushik, S. J. (1985). Effect of protein intake on metabolizable and net energy values of fish diets. In C.

B. Cowey, A. M. Macki & J. G. Bell (Editors), Nutrition and Feeding in Fish. Acadmeic Press, London, PP. 95-117.

Average weight gain (g/fih) (AWG):

WG = W2 – W1

Where: W1 = the initial weight (g)

W2 = the final weight (g)

Average daily gain (ADG):

Average daily gain (ADG) was estimated according to the

following formula.

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

W2-W1

ADG =

T

Where: W1 = the initial weight (g)

W2 = the final weight (g)

T = Experimental period (d)

Specific growth rate (SGR)

Specific growth rate (SGR) was estimated according to the

following equation:

Ln. W2- Ln. W1

SGR =

Period (days)

Where: Ln = Natural Logarithm (log)-10

W1 = Mean initial weight (g)

W2 = Mean final weight (g)

Relative growth rate was calculated according to the

following equation

W2-W1

RGR = x 100

W1

Where: W1 = the initial weight (g)

W2 = the final weight (g)

Feed conversion ratio (FCR)

Dry feed intake

FCR = x 100

Live weight gain (g)

Protein efficiency ration (PER)

Live weight gain (g)

PER = x 100

Protein intake (g)

The apparent nutrient digestibilities of the experimental diets

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة The fish were fed their last respective meal at 2000 hours, and the feed were collected the next day at .800 hours. The collected feces were immediately frozen at -20° C until analyzed. These samples of feces were used to determine the apparent digestibility coefficient. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for nutrients were calculated using the

following formula:

ADC nutrient = { 1-(% dietary Cr2O3/ % fecal Cr2O3 x %

fecal nutrient / % dietary nutrient)} x 100.

Maynard, L. A. and Loosli, J. K. (Editors) (1969). Animal Nutrition, 6th edition, McGraw Hill Book Company, London,

613 pp.

Experimental setup

- During the experiment, the aquaria were supplied with fresh water (chlorine free). Water in aquaria was changed daily after determination of water quality parameters (at 8 h.). IIIumination, from head fluorescent lights, was set to a 14 hours lights: 10 hours dark cycle. Each group of fish was weighed at the beginning and every week throughout the experimental period. Feces were collected during the last month of the experiment and divided into three samples. The samples were used to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for protein, lipid and energy

according to Maynard and Loosli (1969).

The ADC = 100x[1-(%dietary Cr2O3\/%fecal Cr2O3 x %

fecal nutrient/ % dietary nutrient)].

Maynard, L. A. and Loosli, J. K. (Editors) (1969). Animal Nutrition, 6th edition, McGraw Hill Book Company, London, 613 pp.

:النمو والاداء الانتاجى

- At the end of the feeding trial, the fish were weighed and data collected included weight gain %, feed conversion ratio(FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein deposition (PD%). FCR, PER and PD (%) were calculated as follows:

FCR = Total feed intake (g) / (Final body weight-initial

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