التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

corresponding values of total protein. Serum concentration of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were determined using commercial enzyme immunoassay test kit purchased from taytec Incorporation (7278 Aldercrest Dr., Mississauga, No. L5N 7N8,

Canada).

- Blood sample were collected at 98 d of age from four birds as two of each gender in heparinzed tube and plasma was separated by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and stored at -18oC until analysis Concentration of plasma total protein (Weichselbaum, 1946; Henry et al., 1974), albumin (Doumas et al, 1977) total lipids (Chabrol and Charonnat, 1973), triglycerides (Jacobs and Van Den Mark, 1960; Trinder, 1969), total cholesterol (Waston, 1960), AST and ALT (Retiman, and Frankel, 1957), Calcium (Sendroy; 1944), phosphorous (Gomorri, 1942) were estimated. Whilst plasma globulin was calculated by subtracting albumin from total protein.

Volovinskaia and Kelman (1962).

Husani. S. A.; F. B. Deartherage and L. E. Kunlkle (1950).

Studies on meat. 11. Observations on relation of biochemical factors to change in tenderness. Feed Technology 4: 366-369.

Aitken, A; J. C. Casey; I.F Penny and C. A. Volys (1962).

Effect of during temperature in the accelerated freeze drying of

pork. J. Feed Sci., 13:439.

Jakobsen. P.E.; K. Gertov and S.H. Nilsen (1960).

Frdjelighed frogmed fierbrae."Digestibility trails with poultry"Bereting fra for sogslaboriet, Kabenhaven, 56:1-34.

Weichselbaum, T. E. (1946). Methods for determination of total protein in serum blood. America J. Clinical Pathological

16:40.

Henry, R. J.; D. C. Cannon and J. W. Winkelman (1974).

Clinical Chemistry. Principles and Techniques. 2nd ed. Harper

and Row.

Doumas, B. T.; D. Waston and H.G. Biggs (1977). Albumin

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة standards and the measurement of blood albumin with

bromocrisol green. Chem. Acta., 31:87.

Chabrol, E. and R. Charonnat (1973). Determination of total

lipids. Press Medical, 45: 1713-1720.

Jacobs, N. L. and P. J. Van Den Mark (1960). Archive

Biochemistry Biophysiology, 88: 250-255.

Trinder, P. (1969). Annals clinical Biochemistry. 6:24-27.

Waston, D. (1960). Determination of cholesterol in blood.

Chemistry Acta, 5: 637.

Retiman, S. and S. Frankel (1957). Calorimetric method for the determination of blood, aminotransferase enzymatic

activities. AM. J. Clin. Pathol. 25:56-63.

Sendroy, J. Jr. (1944). Determination of Calcium in Plasms.

J. Biological Chemistry, 152:539.

Gomorri, G. (1942). Determination of inorganic phopsphorus in plasma. J. Laboratory Clinical Meolical, 27: 955.

- Serum total protein was determined according to Biuret method (Henery 1964), albumin according to Doumas et al., (1971). Serum globulin was calculated by subtracting albumin from total protein. Serum total lipids was determined according to Knight et al. (1972) and total cholesterol accoding to Watson (1960). Fatty acids were analyzed in oils and egg yolk lipid samples according to Metcalfe et al. (1961) Using gas-liquid

chromatography technique.

Henery R. J. (1964). A calorimetric method for the determination of the total protein. Clinical chemical Harper and

row Publisher New York, 1946.

Knight, J.; A. Andersonis and J. M. Rawal (1972). Chemical basis of the sula-phosphate vanillin reaction for estimating totasl

serum lipid. J. Biol. Chem., 226-497.

Doumas, B., W. Waston, and H. Biggs, (1971). Albumin standard and measurements of serum albumin with bromocresol

green. Clin. Chem. Acta., 31:87-88.

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

Watson D.(1960).A simple methods for the determination of

serum cholesterol.Clinical Chemical,5: 637.

Metcalfe, L. D., A. Smitz and Pelka (1961). The rapid preparation of fatty acid esters for gas chromatography. Ann.

Chem., 33: 363-364.

:الكفاءة الاقتصادية

- The economical efficiency (EEf):EEf=A-B/B x 100.

where A is selling cost of obtained gain (LE per kg) and B

is the feeding cost of this gain.

The performance index (PI)

PI= Live body Weight (kg) x 100/Feed conversion.

North, M.O. (1981). Commercial chicken. Production Annual. 2nd edition, Av., Publishing company I.N.C. West post.

Connecticut, USA.

:( الأرانب٢)

:انتاج اللبن

- In recent years there is a noticeable improvement of the litter size as a result of genetic selection of commercial strains.

However, these strains present a high mortality of litters because of low viability during first days of life, which may be due to deficient thermoregulation or to an insufficient milk production (Pascual et al., 1999). During lactation period, milk yield of does determines the viability and growth of litters because they almost depend on the maternal milk only during the first 21 days of age (Kowalska and Bielanski, 2004). Moreover, the intensification of reproduction becomes widespread (mating from 1 to 11 days after parturtition), which put more stress on the pregnant and lactating does. In this case, nutrient requirements of reproductive does are very high and voluntary feed intake is often insufficient to supply fetal growth and milk production (FortunLamoth, 1977 and Xiccato et al., 2002),

especially under the hot temperature.

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة - Numerous works tried to increase milk yield by using concentrated energetic diets, based on increasing the carbohydrate content regardless of the maximal level of starch or minimal level of dietary fiber, which caused an increase in digestive disorders especially in rabbits (Blas and Gidenne, 1998). Previous experiments have shown that fat supplementation in growing rabbit does decreased feed intake, improve DE intake and feed conversion rate, with no significant effect on growth rate (Fernandez and Fraga, 1996 and Bhatt and Swain, 2003). The addition of high fat level in diets of rabbit does resulted in significant increased milk yield, litters weight gain at weaning and significantly decreased mortality of suckling pups (Pascual et al., 1999; Fernandez et al., 2000 and

Kowalska and Bielanski, 2004).

Pascual, J. J.; Cervera, C.; Blas, E. and Fernandez-carmona, J. (1999). Effect of high fat diets on the performance, milk yield and milk composition of multiparous rabbit does. Anim. Sci.,

68: 151-162.

Kowalska, D. and Bielanski, P. (2004). Effect of supplemental dietary fat for rabbits on milk composition and rearing performance of young rabbits. Proc. Of 8 the World

Rabbit Congress, Puebla Mexico, pp. 869-873.

Fortun-Lamoth, L. (1977). Effects of dietary fat on reproductive performance of rabbit does. World Rabbit Sci.,

5(1): 33-38.

Xiccato, G.; Trocino, A.; Sartori, A. and Queaque, P. I.

(2002). Effect of dietary starch level and source on performance, caecal fermentation and meat quality in growing rabbits. World

Rabbit Science, 10 (4): 147-157.

Blas, E. and Gidenne, T. (1998). Digestion of starch and sugars. In: The Nutrition of the Rabbit. (Edit. De Blas, J.C. and

Wiseman, J.), CABI, Wallingford, pp. 17-38.

Fernandez-Carmona, J. and Fraga, M. J. (1996). The effect

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

of dietary fat inclusion on growth carcass characteristics and chemical composition of rabbits. J. Anim. Sci. 74: 2088-2094.

Bhatt, R. S. and Swain, N. (2003). Effect of graded level of fat supplementation on the growth performance in the rabbits.

World Rabbit Sci., 11(1): 33-40.

Fernandez-Carmona, J.; Pascual, J. J. and Cervera, C.

(2000). The use of fat in rabbit diets. Pro. 7th World Rabbit

Congress, Valencia, Spain. 29-59.

- Lactating rabbit does (five per diet) were selected at random and used to measure milk production and milk composition, rabbit does were separated from their pups after parturition. Litter size of eight pups was kept constant throughout lactation and dead pups were replaced daily by pups of a similar weight and age provided from nurse does. Milk production was estimated daily from weight loss of rabbit does during suckling. Suckling took place once a day, (around.9.00)

in the nest box, for a short period (8 to 10 min). Feed intake of rabbit does was recorded daily and the weight of litters was measured weekly. Litters were weaned at 30 days of age.

- Milk samples were used to determine the effect of fat level on composition of milk and were taken at 7th , 4th , 21st and 28th day of lactation. Pups were separated from their mothers to prevent suckling for a period of 24 hours before samples collection in the morning. Each doe was injected intravenously with 5ml oxytocin to enhance maximum contraction of myoepith cells and milk was collected manually by gently massaging the mammary glands. The milk samples (30 to 40 ml per doe) were obtained from all mammary glands and stored at 20°C until analysis.

:القيمة الهضمية والغذائية

- Apparent nutrient digestibility was determined on control, pregnant (from 23 to 28 days of gestation) and on lactating (from 16 to 21 day of lactation) rabbit does, rabbit does of each

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تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية-""التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة- المواد الحاملة للطاقة group (six per diet) were allowed at random to the diets.

Animals were housed in metabolic cages that allowed separation of faeces and urine. Faeces produced daily were collected in polyethylene bags and stored at -20°C (Perez et al., 1995) for five consecutive days according to the European reference

method for rabbit digestion trials.

Perez, J. M.; Lbas, F.; Gidenne, T.; Martens, L.; Xiccato, G.; PerigiBini, R.; Dallo-Zotte, A.; Cossu, M. E.; Carazzolo, A.; Villamide, M. J.; Carabario, R.; Fraga, M. J.; Ramos, M A.; Cervera, C,; Blas, E., Fernandez-Carmona, J.; Falcao, E. Cunha; Cmnha, M. L. and Bengala Freire, J. (1995). European reference method for in vivo determination of diet digestibility in rabbits.

World Rabbit Sci., 3: 41-43.

The total digestible nutrients (TDN)

TDN= DCP+DCF+DNFE+(DEEx2.25)

Where: DCP = Digestible Crude protein, DCF= Digestible crude Fiber, DNFE= Digestible NFE. DEE= Digestible Ether

Extract,

Cheeke, P. R., N.M. Patton and G.S. Tempelton (1982).

Rabbit production. 5th.

- The digestible energy (DE) = DE (Kcal/Kg)=4253-32.6

(CF%)-144.4 (Total ash%).

Fekete and Gippert (1986). Digestibility and nutritive value of nineteen important feedstuffs for rabbits. Journal of Applied

Rabbit Research, 9 (3): 103-108.

- Nutrient digestion coefficient and nutritive values in terms of total digestible nutrients (TDN), digestible crude protein (DCP) and digestible energy (DE) were calculated as described

by Perez et al., (1995).

Perez, J. M.; Lbas, F.; Gidenne, T.; Martens, L.; Xiccato, G.; PerigiBini, R.; Dallo-Zotte, A.; Cossu, M. E.; Carazzolo, A.; Villamide, M. J.; Carabario, R.; Fraga, M. J.; Ramos, M A.; Cervera, C,; Blas, E., Fernandez-Carmona, J.; Falcao, E. Cunha;

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

Cmnha, M. L. and Bengala Freire, J. (1995). European reference method for in vivo determination of diet digestibility in rabbits.

World Rabbit Sci., 3: 41-43.

- Caecotroply trial:

At the end of the experimental (14 weeks), soft (SF) and hard (HF) feces excretion were determined using nine caecotrophy trials (six rabbits in each trial). Plastic neck collars were used to percent coprophagy. Soft and hard feces were collected according to the methods described by Carabano et al., (1989). The daily feed intake was recorded after deducing the

scattered amounts.

Carabano, R.; Fraga, M. J. and De-Blas, J. C. (1989). Effect of protein source in fibrous diets on performance and digestive performance of fattening rabbits. Journal of Applied Rabbit

Research, 12: 201-204.

Soft and hard feaces of each rabbit were collected every day for three days and the samples of daily faeces (20%) of each rabbit were taken for chemical analysis. The daily faeces samples collected were sprayed with 1% boric acid solution to prevent ammonia losses during drying. Feaces samples were dried at 60-70 °C for 48h. the dried feaces observed from each rabbits during the collection period was weighted, mixed,

ground and kept until analysis.

- At 56 d of age, as well as at 98 d of age, a digestibility trials were conducted using total collection method in which excreta was quantitatively collected each 12 hr for three successive days. Fecal nitrogen was separated following the

method of Jakobsen et al., (1960).

Chemical analysis was carried out for diets, soft and hard faces, caecal content meat samples according to methods of AOAC (1995) for ash, DM, CP, CF and EE. Gross energy was determined in an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. Digestibility coefficients and nutritive values of nutrients in terms of total

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المواد الحاملة للطاقة "-التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة" -تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية digestible nutrient (TDN), digestible crude protein (DCP) and digestible energy (DE) were calculated as described by Perez et al., (1995). Relative contribution of soft faeces to dry matter and crude protein intake were calculated according to Fraga et al.,

(1991) as follows:

) (١المساهمة النسبية للروث الناعم الطرى في كمية المادة الجافة المأكولة Relative contribution of soft faeces to DM intake

)افراز المادة الجافة للروث الطرى جم /اليوم(

× ١٠٠

)المادة الجافة المأكولة جم /يوم +افراز المادة الجافة للروث الطرى جم /اليوم(

)(soft faeces excretion , g DM/day

X 100

)(feed intake, g DM/day + soft faeces excretion, g DM/day Fraga, M. J.; Perez de Ayala, P.; Carabafio, R. M. and De Blas, J. C. (1991). Effect of type of fiber on the rate of passage and on the contribution of soft faeces to nutrient intake of finishing rabbits. J. Anim. Sci, 69: 1566-1574.

) (٢المساهمة النسبية للروث الطرى في كمية البروتين الخام المأكولة Relative contribution of soft faeces to CP intake

)افراز البروتين الخام للروث الطرى جم /اليوم(

× ١٠٠

)بروتين خام مأكول جم /يوم +افراز البروتين الخام للروث الطرى جم /اليوم(

)(CP excretion in soft faeces , g / day

X 100

CP ingested in feed , g DM/day + CP excretion in soft

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التمثيل الغذائي للمواد الحاملة للطاقة

faeces, g /dayFraga, M. J.; Perez de Ayala, P.; Carabafio, R.

M. and De Blas, J. C. (1991). Effect of type of fiber on the rate of passage and on the contribution of soft faeces to nutrient intake of finishing rabbits. J. Anim. Sci, 69: 1566-1574.

Caecal turnover rate :( معدل دورة امتلاء وتفريغ الأعور٣)

اليوم/ كمية المادة الجافة للروث الطرى جم

١٠٠ ×

محتوى الأعور من المادة الجافة بالجرام

soft faeces production (g DM/ d)

Caecal content (g DM)

X 100

Garcia, J.; De Blas, J, C.; Carbanor, R. and Garcia, P.

(1995). Effect of type of luceme on caecal fermentation and nitrogen contribution through caecotrophy in rabbits. Reprod.

Nutr. Decelopment, 35:267-275.

Carabans, R, Fraga, M. J., Santoma, G, and DeBlas, J. C.

(2011). J. Animal Sci. October, 3. WWW.asas.org.

The temperature – humidity index:( دليل الح اررة – الرطوبة٤)

THI = db°F – (0.55 –.055 R#) (db°F – 58)

db°F = Dry Bulb Temperature in Fahrenheit

RH = Relative humidity (RH % / 100)

The THI value were classified as follow:

Iess than 82 = Absence of heat stress.

82 to < 84 = Moderate heat stress.

84 to < 86 = Severe heat stress.

Over 86 = very severe stress.

Live stock and Poultry Heat Stress Indices Agricultural

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المواد الحاملة للطاقة "-التمثيل الغذائي للطاقة" -تمثيل الطاقة وعلاقته بالتغذية Engineering Technology Guide Clemson University. Clemson,

Sc 29634 , USA.

) (٥معدل النموGrowth rate (GR):

- Growth rate (GR) = FBW – IBW /..5 (FBW + IBW) X 100

وزن الجسم النهائى – وزن الجسم في البداية

معدل نمو=

) ×٠,٥وزن الجسم النهائى +وزن الجسم في بداية( × ١٠٠

) (٦دليل الآداء ): The performance index (PI

- The performance index (PI) = (Live body weight (kg) /

feed conversion) x 100

North, M.O., (1981). Commercial chicken. Production Annual. 2nd edition; AV, Publishing company I.N.C., West post

Connecticut, USA.

وزن الجسم الحى )كجم(

دليل الآداء = × ١٠٠

الكفاءة الغذائية )معدل التحويل الغذائي(

(٧معامل كفاءة الانتاجThe production efficiency factor (PEF):

= )- The production efficiency factor (PEF

(Livability (%) x mass (kg) / FCR x Age in days) x 100

الجسم الحى النهائى )كجم(

معامل كفاءة الانتاج ]) – ١٠٠معدل النفوق × (% × عدد الايام(×[١٠٠

معدل التحويل الغذائي

Emmert, J. (2000). Efficiency of phytase feeding in broiler.

Proceeding, Califonia Animal Nutrition conference, May 10-11.

Fresno, California, U.S.A.

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